Role of Forensic Pathologists within the Home Office

https://www.gov.uk/guidance/forensic-pathology-role-within-the-home-office

Changes to structure

Legislation section is switched around with future advances section to link the poster better

Final 

2. DNA technology applications in the different forensic fields concerning science.

Two of the main fields include DNA profiling and DNA phenotyping. DNA profiling is the most used, and has been around the longest. It analyses and compares the genomes of DNA samples from a crime scene (saliva, blood or semen) and DNA of potential suspects. Matches between the two can be a huge factor in indicting or exonerating suspects because of high levels of accuracy due to the unique nature of genomes (cite http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3561883/). DNA profiling compares short tandem repeats (STRs) within DNA as they vary between individuals and are easy to measure. STRs contains repeating units of DNA sequence, the number of the repeats are known as alleles and they are polymorphic, meaning that they differ from person to person (cite http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/forensics-dna-fingerprinting-and-codis-736).

DNA phenotyping is in its early stages compared to DNA profiling and is affected by ethical and legal issues (cite http://pifeed.com/post/first-dna-phenotyped-image-of-person-of-interest-in-double-homicide/). DNA phenotyping is used when DNA profiling cannot be conducted because no comparative sample is available. It predicts visual characteristics (phenotypes) including hair colour, eye colour and ethnicity of suspects through analysis of various DNA markers affected by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs), (cite http://www.eurekaselect.com/128392/article) in order to be used to narrow down a wide range of suspects. Development in DNA sequencing technology has made it possible to efficiently read genetic material from DNA. 

Draft section 2

2. DNA technology applications in the different forensic fields concerning science. (small section) 

Physiological sciences

*DNA profiling

*DNA phenotyping

*Forensic dentistry

Three of the main fields include DNA profiling, DNA phenotyping and forensic dentistry. DNA profiling is the most used, and has been around the longest. It analyses and compares the genomes of DNA samples from a crime scene (saliva, blood or semen) and DNA of potential suspects. Matches between the two can be a huge factor in indicting or exonerating suspects because of high levels of accuracy because of the unique nature of genomes (cite http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3561883/). DNA profiling compares short tandem repeats (STRs) within DNA as they vary between individuals and are easy to measure.

DNA phenotyping is in its early stages compared to DNA profiling and is affected by ethical and legal issues (cite http://pifeed.com/post/first-dna-phenotyped-image-of-person-of-interest-in-double-homicide/). DNA phenotyping is used when DNA profiling cannot be conducted because no comparative sample is available. It predicts visual characteristics (phenotypes) including hair colour, eye colour and ethnicity of suspects through analysis of various DNA markers affected by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs), (cite http://www.eurekaselect.com/128392/article) in order to be used to narrow down a wide range of suspects. Development in DNA sequencing technology has made it possible to efficiently read genetic material from DNA.

Finally forensic dentistry uses techniques used in both DNA profiling and DNA phenotyping but focuses mainly on sex determination through extracted DNA from the pulp of the teeth by the use of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) (cite http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4541412/). It does this for the identification of human remains.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3561883/

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1872497309000155

http://pifeed.com/post/first-dna-phenotyped-image-of-person-of-interest-in-double-homicide/

http://www.eurekaselect.com/128392/article

https://snapshot.parabon-nanolabs.com/#phenotyping-how

http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/forensics-dna-fingerprinting-and-codis-736

Sources for section 2

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3561883/

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1872497309000155

Sources that can be used in legal section

http://pifeed.com/post/first-dna-phenotyped-image-of-person-of-interest-in-double-homicide/

http://www.eurekaselect.com/128392/article

Sources for section 3
Discuss a past, a present and a future technique, their advantages and disadvantages.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3831584/

https://www.promega.com/~/media/files/resources/conference%20proceedings/ishi%2010/oral%20presentations/01crow.pdf?la=en

http://aboutforensics.co.uk/dna-analysis/

http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=13&ved=0ahUKEwj20Z-Ek6zKAhXHzxQKHVuUCmEQFghZMAw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.howstuffworks.com%2Flife%2Fgenetic%2Fdna-evidence2.htm&usg=AFQjCNHs9e67TIb9vcYA1n9BDYCCmBijzA&sig2=bU3R3W27UOqqn7U80B8F4g

Tasks

1. Introduction50-100    *TOGETHER

2. DNA technology applications in the different forensic fields concerning science. (small section) 200  *WASIF

3. Methods, their advantages and limitations. 200  *WAQAS

4. Legislation concerning forensic data handling.  100-200 *JAMES

5. Future possible advances in technology that affect forensic science. 100-150 *CASON

6. Conclusion.50-150     *TOGETHER

7. References.