Final 

2. DNA technology applications in the different forensic fields concerning science.

Two of the main fields include DNA profiling and DNA phenotyping. DNA profiling is the most used, and has been around the longest. It analyses and compares the genomes of DNA samples from a crime scene (saliva, blood or semen) and DNA of potential suspects. Matches between the two can be a huge factor in indicting or exonerating suspects because of high levels of accuracy due to the unique nature of genomes (cite http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3561883/). DNA profiling compares short tandem repeats (STRs) within DNA as they vary between individuals and are easy to measure. STRs contains repeating units of DNA sequence, the number of the repeats are known as alleles and they are polymorphic, meaning that they differ from person to person (cite http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/forensics-dna-fingerprinting-and-codis-736).

DNA phenotyping is in its early stages compared to DNA profiling and is affected by ethical and legal issues (cite http://pifeed.com/post/first-dna-phenotyped-image-of-person-of-interest-in-double-homicide/). DNA phenotyping is used when DNA profiling cannot be conducted because no comparative sample is available. It predicts visual characteristics (phenotypes) including hair colour, eye colour and ethnicity of suspects through analysis of various DNA markers affected by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs), (cite http://www.eurekaselect.com/128392/article) in order to be used to narrow down a wide range of suspects. Development in DNA sequencing technology has made it possible to efficiently read genetic material from DNA.